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Choke collars, shock collars, even the word no are all-but-verboten. It's a new day in dog training. The science upon which these brand-new strategies are based is not exactly new: it's rooted in discovering theory and operant conditioning, which includes favorable (the addition of) or negative (the withdrawal of) support.
A quick primer: Petting a pet dog on the head for bring the paper is positive support, due to the fact that you're taking an action (favorable) to encourage (reinforce) a habits. Scolding a pet to stop an undesirable habits is positive penalty, since it's an action to prevent a behavior. A choke collar whose stress is released when the pet stops pulling on it is negative support, since the canine's preferable behavior (support off) results in the removal of an undesirable effect.
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Much has changed about the method that science is applied today. As canine training has moved from the old obedience-driven model directed at program pets to a more relationship-based approach focused on buddy pets, trainers have discovered that the use of negative support and favorable punishment actually slow a dog's development, since they harm its confidence and, more significantly, its relationship with a handler.
These new techniques are backed by a growing body of scienceand a rejection of the old thinking, of wolves (and their descendants, canines) as dominance-oriented creatures. The origin of so-called "alpha theory" comes from a scientist called Rudolph Schenkel, who performed a research study of wolves in 1947 in which animals from different packs were pushed into a small enclosure with no prior interaction.
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The reality, Schenkel was later on required to confess, was that the wolves were stressed, not aiming for alpha status. A research study from Portugal published last fall in the pre-print digital database Bio, Rxiv (implying it is not yet peer-reviewed) evaluated lots of pet dogs selected from schools that either employed making use of shock collars, leash corrections and other aversive methods or did n'tsticking totally or almost totally to the use of positive support (treats) to get the behavior they desired.